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81.
为了探讨天山雪岭云杉林生物量在个体组织中的分配情况及其变化规律，在研究区进行了大量的野外测量，利用已有的雪岭云杉林估算方程，分析了天山雪岭云杉林生物量在各器官（干、枝、叶、皮、根）中的分配及其变化规律。结果表明：（1） 研究区雪岭云杉林的平均生物量为388.74 t·hm-2，树木各器官中，干、枝、根、叶和皮分别占生物量的43.65%、28.60%、13.49%、11.08%和3.18%。（2）各径级生物量所占百分比为：33.53%（40~50 cm）、20.13%（20~30 cm）、19.59%（30~40 cm）、18.19%（50~60 cm）和2.05%（10~20
cm）；树木生物量在不同树高中的分配表现为：48.78%（20~30 m）＞35.27%（10~20 m）＞14.70%（30~40 m）＞1.25%（0~10
m）；地上和地下生物量的分配比例为：87.54%和12.46%，分别为340.30 t·hm-2和48.44 t·hm-2。（3） 随海拔升高，天山雪岭云杉林生物量呈“单峰”变化，在海拔2 100~2 400 m处达到最大值611.58 t·hm-2；干、皮生物量所占比例随海拔升高而减小，枝生物量逐渐增加，叶、根生物量呈先减小后增加的趋势；径级20~30 cm、30~40 cm和50~60 cm的生物量随海拔升高均呈“单峰型”变化趋势，都在海拔2 100~2 400 m处达到最大；雪岭云杉林不同树高生物量随海拔的升高呈现的趋势不同。天山雪岭云杉林生物量和年均降水量随经纬度的升高均呈降低变化，研究区林分生物量自西向东总体呈现逐渐降低的趋势；林分密度、海拔和降水共同决定了森林生物量的大小及其变化规律，海拔2 100~2 400 m是本研究区雪岭云杉林生长的最适宜场所。结果可为雪岭云杉林生态系统的恢复和重建提供基础资料，对研究区进行综合管理与生态健康分析具有重要意义。 相似文献
82.
为探究轴压作用下双金属复合海底管道的组合作用与承载性能,对双金属复合海底管道进行了试验研究和理论分析。开展了不锈钢衬管材料性能试验,对比了国际主流不锈钢本构关系模型和试验结果。利用ABAQUS建立了精细化的双金属复合管道轴压试验有限元模型,系统研究了关键参数如复合工艺产生的环向复合应力、钢管初始缺陷幅值等对双金属复合管在轴压作用下力学性能的影响规律。通过对比已有轴压双金属复合管道试验结果,验证有限元模型。基于验证的有限元模型,对轴压作用下双金属复合管道的组合作用以及径厚比和材料强度对承载力的影响进行了分析。结果表明双金属复合管道的轴压极限承载力主要取决于基管的截面屈服荷载,并随着管径和材料强度的提高而增大。并依据分析结果对双金属复合海底管道的设计提出建议。 相似文献
83.
为了分析呼和浩特—包头盆地现今应力场状态,基于内蒙古地震台网记录的地震波形资料,运用振幅比方法获取2000—2016年该盆地及周边M_L≥2.7地震的震源机制解,计算其一致性参数,并反演区域应力场。结果表明,震源机制解特征主要表现为走滑特征,一致性参数空间分布处于低值状态,力轴方位基本与该区的应力场背景特征相符,即主压应力方位为北东、张应力方位为北西。 相似文献
84.
This paper presents the changes of crust thickness and Poissons ratios distribution in the Binchuan region,where the first air-gun transmitting station and its a small dense array were deployed.From September 2011 to January 2014,more than 239 teleseismic events of M≥6.0 were recorded in 16 stations in the Binchuan region.Their P-wave receiver functions were analyzed respectively.The high spatial resolution result shows that the average crust thickness of Binchuan region is 45.3km,it follows the rule of"deeper in the north and east part,shallower in the south and west part."The deepest region is in Xiaoyindian Station;the crust thickness is 47.9km;the shallowest region is in Paiying Station,it has the thickness of 42.1km.It shows that the deeper Moho surface nearby the Chenghai fault and shallower nearby the Honghe fault;the isoline distribution of thickness changes greatly nearby the Chenghai fault and slowly nearby the Honghe fault.From the distribution of Poissons ratios,it is unevenly in the study area with a great difference from the north part to the south part,which shows a characteristic of"lower in the north,higher in the south".The Poissons ratio nearby the Honghe fault is medium too high(0.26≤σ≤0.29);lower nearby the Chenghai fault(σ≤0.26).This paper concludes the possible reason of different characteristic between Poissons ratio and crust thickness is thicker in the upper crust in the Binchuan region. 相似文献
85.
Hydrologists use the generalized Pareto (GP) distribution in peaks-over-threshold (POT) modelling of extremes. A model with similar uses is the two-parameter kappa (KAP) distribution. KAP has had fewer hydrological applications than GP, but some studies have shown it to merit wider use. The problem of choosing between GP and KAP arises quite often in frequency analyses. This study, by comparing some discrimination methods between these two models, aims to show which method(s) is (are) recommended. Three specific methods are considered: one uses the Anderson-Darling goodness-of-fit (GoF) statistic, another uses the ratio of maximized likelihood (closely related to the Akaike information criterion and the Bayesian information criterion), and the third employs a normality transformation followed by application of the Shapiro-Wilk statistic. We show this last method to be the most recommendable, due to its advantages with sizes typically encountered in hydrology. We apply the simulation results to some flood POT datasets.
EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis; ASSOCIATE EDITOR E. Volpi 相似文献
86.
利用分布在东北地区的国家地震局台网、NECESSArray台网、吉林大学在长白山及其周边地区布设的26个临时台站总计259个台站接收到的16,070条高质量的P波接收函数,采用H-k和CCP(Common Conversion Point,共转换点)叠加成像方法,获得该区高分辨率的地壳结构.观测结果显示,东北地区莫霍界面深度和地表高程总体呈镜像关系;西部大兴安岭—太行山重力梯级带附近存在莫霍界面深度陡变带;中部的松辽盆地地区受晚中生代的地壳拉伸作用影响,地壳厚度较薄,北部的小兴安岭地区和南部的华北北缘造山带可能同样受拉伸运动影响,具有较小的地壳厚度;松辽盆地莫霍界面深度由西向东逐渐减小,推测这与太平洋板块俯冲作用有关;东部地区莫霍界面结构比较复杂,依兰—伊通断裂与敦化—密山断裂之间出现复杂震相,可能与该区存在地幔物质的底侵作用有关;长白山火山地区地壳厚度较大,对应较高的波速比,推测在该区地壳内存在岩浆囊. 相似文献
87.
Understory and small trees contribute importantly to stemflow of a lower montane cloud forest 
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下载免费PDF全文 Teresa Margarita González‐Martínez Guadalupe Williams‐Linera Friso Holwerda 《水文研究》2017,31(5):1174-1183
Stemflow (Sf) measurements in tropical rain and montane forests dominated by large trees rarely include the understory and small trees. In this study, contributions of lower (1‐ to 2‐m height) and upper (>2‐m height and <5‐cm diameter at breast height [DBH]) woody understory, small trees (5 < DBH < 10 cm), and canopy trees (>10‐cm DBH) to Sf per unit ground area (Sfa) of a Mexican lower montane cloud forest were quantified for 32 days with rainfall (P) during the 2014 wet season. Rainfall, stemflow yield (Sfy), vegetation height, density, and basal area were measured. Subsequently, stemflow funneling ratios (SFRs) were calculated, and three common methods to scale up Sfy from individual trees to the stand level (tree‐Sfy correlation, P‐Sfy correlation, and mean‐Sfy extrapolation) were used to calculate Sfa. Understory woody plants, small trees, and upper canopy trees represented 96%, 2%, and 2%, respectively, of the total density. Upper canopy trees had the lowest SFRs (1.6 ± 0.5 Standard Error (SE) on average), although the lower understory had the highest (36.1 ± 6.4). Small trees and upper understory presented similar SFRs (22.9 ± 5.4 and 20.2 ± 3.9, respectively). Different Sf scaling methods generally yielded similar results. Overall Sfa during the study period was 22.7 mm (4.5% of rainfall), to which the understory contributed 70.1% (15.9 mm), small trees 10.6% (2.4 mm), and upper canopy trees 19.3% (4.4 mm). Our results strongly suggest that for humid tropical forests with dense understory of woody plants and small trees, Sf of these groups should be measured to avoid an underestimation of overall Sf at the stand level. 相似文献
88.
实际工程应用中，通过物理手段采集到的信号都带有噪声信息，这样就会淹没很多有用信号，传统的“带通、低通、高通”滤波技术往往显得无能为力，因此提取有用的特征信息就需要对原始信号进行去噪。常用的小波阈值去噪（硬、软阈值函数）方法，含有诸多缺点，本文在其基础上重新构造了一个新的阈值函数。在MTALAB（2014a）环境下，用传统的硬、软阈值函数及重构阈值函数对混入高斯白噪声信号进行去噪仿真分析，结果表明，重构的阈值函数处理的信号效果更好，更清晰。 相似文献
89.
黏滞性地壳流对地壳及上地幔变形作用及动力机制,是大陆新生代造山带的一个重要研究内容.青藏高原中下地壳存在部分熔融或含水物质的黏滞性流体,已为一系列地球物理及岩石学研究所证实.为研究青藏高原东缘地壳流的动力作用,本文用密集的被动源宽频带地震台的观测数据,反演了地壳上地幔精细速度结构和泊松比.研究表明,川西及滇西北高原的中地壳内普遍存在低速层,而高泊松比的地壳只分布在川西北地区.位于中地壳的黏滞性地壳流从青藏高原腹地羌塘高原流出,自北西向南东流入青藏高原东缘.这些黏滞性地壳流带动了上地壳块体水平移动,当它们受到刚强的四川盆地及华南地块阻挡时将发生分层作用,地壳流将分为二或更多分支不同方向的分流,向上的一支地壳流将对上地壳产生挤压,引起地面隆升,向下的一支地壳流将使莫霍面下沉加厚下地壳·黏滞性地壳流的运动在地壳中产生应变破裂发生强烈地震活动,地震的空间分布与震源机制也受到地壳流动力作用控制. 相似文献
90.
Hydrological processes of lowland watersheds of the southern USA are not well understood compared to a hilly landscape due to their unique topography, soil compositions, and climate. This study describes the seasonal relationships between rainfall patterns and runoff (sum of storm flow and base flow) using 13 years (1964–1976) of rainfall and stream flow data for a low‐gradient, third‐order forested watershed. It was hypothesized that runoff–rainfall ratios (R/P) are smaller during the dry periods (summer and fall) and greater during the wet periods (winter and spring). We found a large seasonal variability in event R/P potentially due to differences in forest evapotranspiration that affected seasonal soil moisture conditions. Linear regression analysis results revealed a significant relationship between rainfall and runoff for wet (r2 = 0·68; p < 0·01) and dry (r2 = 0·19; p = 0·02) periods. Rainfall‐runoff relationships based on a 5‐day antecedent precipitation index (API) showed significant (r2 = 0·39; p < 0·01) correspondence for wet but not (r2 = 0·02; p = 0·56) for dry conditions. The same was true for rainfall‐runoff relationships based on 30‐day API (r2 = 0·39; p < 0·01 for wet and r2 = 0·00; p = 0·79 for dry). Stepwise regression analyses suggested that runoff was controlled mainly by rainfall amount and initial soil moisture conditions as represented by the initial flow rate of a storm event. Mean event R/P were higher for the wet period (R/P = 0·33), and the wet antecedent soil moisture condition based on 5‐day (R/P = 0·25) and 30‐day (R/P = 0·26) prior API than those for the dry period conditions. This study suggests that soil water status, i.e. antecedent soil moisture and groundwater table level, is important besides the rainfall to seasonal runoff generation in the coastal plain region with shallow soil argillic horizons. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献